{"id":3791,"date":"2025-03-06T15:34:48","date_gmt":"2025-03-06T14:34:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/confluencedesdroits-larevue.com\/?p=3791"},"modified":"2025-04-09T15:08:16","modified_gmt":"2025-04-09T13:08:16","slug":"eloise-gennet-one-health-a-la-croisee-des-disciplines-et-des-normes-propos-introductifs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/confluencedesdroits-larevue.com\/?p=3791","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9lo\u00efse Gennet \u2013 One Health \u00e0 la crois\u00e9e des disciplines et\u00a0des\u00a0normes. Propos introductifs"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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\u00c9lo\u00efse Gennet
Professeur junior en droit europ\u00e9en de la sant\u00e9 et des m\u00e9dicaments, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, DICE, CERIC, Aix-en-Provence, France<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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One-Health-Croisee-des-disciplines-et-des-normes_Propos-introductifs_E.-Gennet-03-25<\/a><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Ce travail a b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 d\u2019une aide du gouvernement fran\u00e7ais au titre de France 2030, dans le cadre de l\u2019Initiative d\u2019Excellence d\u2019Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9 \u2013 A*MIDEX \u2013 et du soutien de l\u2019Agence nationale de la recherche dans le cadre de la Chaire de professeur junior ANR-22-CPJ2-0021-01.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Bas\u00e9e sur le constat de l\u2019interd\u00e9pendance de la sant\u00e9 des personnes, des animaux et des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, l\u2019approche One Health vise \u00e0 \u00e9quilibrer et optimiser durablement les trois composantes de cette sant\u00e9 unique ou \u00ab Une seule sant\u00e9 \u00bb1<\/sup><\/a><\/sup>. Cette interd\u00e9pendance a r\u00e9cemment \u00e9t\u00e9 illustr\u00e9e par la pand\u00e9mie de Covid-19 : la diminution de la biodiversit\u00e9, due au r\u00e9chauffement climatique et aux diverses pollutions li\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019activit\u00e9 humaine, favorise la recrudescence chez les esp\u00e8ces animales restantes d\u2019agents pathog\u00e8nes qui, au lieu d\u2019\u00eatre dilu\u00e9s par une forte biodiversit\u00e9, continuent de circuler au sein d\u2019une m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce, mutent, puis traversent cette barri\u00e8re inter-esp\u00e8ce pour cr\u00e9er une zoonose en se transmettant \u00e0 l\u2019homme2<\/sup><\/a><\/sup>.

Malgr\u00e9 le caract\u00e8re originel des liens d\u2019interd\u00e9pendance qui en sont l\u2019objet, l\u2019approche One Health n\u2019a que r\u00e9cemment fait l\u2019objet de l\u2019attention de la communaut\u00e9 internationale comme fondement de m\u00e9thodes plus efficaces face \u00e0 des enjeux sanitaires mondiaux tels que la r\u00e9action et pr\u00e9vention des pand\u00e9mies ou encore la r\u00e9sistance aux antibiotiques. En effet, l\u2019approche One Health \u00ab mobilise de multiples secteurs, disciplines et communaut\u00e9s \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents niveaux de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00bb3<\/sup><\/a><\/sup> : elle est interdisciplinaire, intersectorielle et doit \u00eatre prise en compte au niveau local, national comme international. Ainsi, d\u00e9passant le simple constat d\u2019une interd\u00e9pendance des sant\u00e9s, l\u2019approche One Health se veut \u00e9galement op\u00e9rationnelle. En t\u00e9moignent les nombreux plans d\u2019action relatifs \u00e0 la r\u00e9sistance aux antibiotiques au niveau mondial4<\/sup><\/a><\/sup> comme r\u00e9gional5<\/sup><\/a><\/sup> : il s\u2019agit par exemple de r\u00e9duire l\u2019usage d\u2019antibiotiques chez l\u2019animal pour \u00e9viter que les bact\u00e9ries r\u00e9sistantes ne se transmettent \u00e0 l\u2019homme qui le consomme, ou encore d\u2019encadrer la gestion des d\u00e9chets afin de limiter la contamination des sols et des eaux par des r\u00e9sidus chimiques d\u2019antibiotiques ou de bact\u00e9ries d\u00e9j\u00e0 r\u00e9sistantes.

En outre, l\u2019app\u00e9tence nouvelle pour cette approche One Health est d\u00e9celable jusque dans les institutions internationales et europ\u00e9ennes. La Direction g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la Sant\u00e9 de la Commission europ\u00e9enne s\u2019est par exemple dot\u00e9e d\u2019une direction sp\u00e9cifiquement d\u00e9di\u00e9e \u00e0 One Health suite \u00e0 sa restructuration en octobre 20226<\/sup><\/a><\/sup>. De m\u00eame, une alliance tripartite cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 20107<\/sup><\/a><\/sup> entre l\u2019OMS (Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9), l\u2019OIE (Office international des \u00e9pizooties d\u00e9sormais appel\u00e9 Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9 animale) et la FAO (Organisation des Nations Unies pour l\u2019alimentation et l\u2019agriculture) s\u2019est \u00e9tendue davantage en 2021 pour int\u00e9grer le PNUE (Programme des Nations unies pour l\u2019environnement) et ainsi former l\u2019Alliance quadripartite8<\/sup><\/a><\/sup>. Cette derni\u00e8re travaille \u00e0 l\u2019intersection de la sant\u00e9 humaine, animale et environnementale notamment par le biais des activit\u00e9s de son groupe d\u2019experts nouvellement fond\u00e9, le One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP).

Si l\u2019usage de l\u2019expression se propage ind\u00e9niablement, y compris dans les instruments \u00e0 caract\u00e8re normatif, les contours et implications juridiques de l\u2019approche One Health restent \u00e0 pr\u00e9ciser. L\u2019objectif de ce workshop sera ainsi d\u2019en \u00e9tudier la d\u00e9finition, le contenu et les effets en droit international et en droit europ\u00e9en. Dans quel cadre l\u2019approche One Health est-elle explicitement ou implicitement utilis\u00e9e en droit international et europ\u00e9en ? Produit-elle des effets juridiques contraignants ? Le droit international et le droit europ\u00e9en ne prennent-ils pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 en compte les liens entre sant\u00e9 humaine, animale et environnementale ? Quelle pourrait \u00eatre la valeur ajout\u00e9e d\u2019une approche juridique One Health ? Est-elle cr\u00e9atrice d\u2019obligations juridiques nouvelles \u00e0 la charge des \u00c9tats ou des autres acteurs de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 internationale ?

L\u2019approche One Health invite \u00e0 r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir \u00e0 l\u2019interconnexion de disciplines et mati\u00e8res telles le droit de l\u2019environnement, le droit de la sant\u00e9, la protection animale ou les droits de l\u2019homme. \u00c0 la sp\u00e9cialisation, voire le cloisonnement, de ces disciplines et mati\u00e8res s\u2019ajoute la coexistence de normes parfois concurrentes entre diff\u00e9rents syst\u00e8mes juridiques comme le droit de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne ou le droit international. Ce workshop, qui ne constitue que le premier d\u2019une longue s\u00e9rie tant les interrogations sont nombreuses, aura pour d\u00e9fi de proposer une premi\u00e8re tentative de d\u00e9cloisonnement(s) ; une premi\u00e8re tentative d\u2019interrogation de l\u2019apport juridique de cette approche One Health dans le but de d\u00e9terminer si elle prescrit des normes de comportement destin\u00e9es \u00e0 minimiser les risques sanitaires \u00e0 l\u2019interface entre l\u2019humain, l\u2019animal et l\u2019environnement9<\/sup><\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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1<\/a>* Ce travail a b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 d\u2019une aide du gouvernement fran\u00e7ais au titre de France 2030, dans le cadre de l\u2019Initiative d\u2019Excellence d\u2019Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9 \u2013 A*MIDEX \u2013 et du soutien de l\u2019Agence nationale de la recherche dans le cadre de la Chaire de professeur junior ANR-22-CPJ2-0021-01.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP), W.B. Adisasmito, S. Almuhairi, C.B. Behravesh, P. Bilivogui, S.A. Bukachi et al.<\/em>, \u00ab One Health: A new definition for a sustainable and healthy future \u00bb, PLoS Pathog<\/em>, 2022, 18(6), p. e1010537.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2<\/a> B. Roche, S. Morand, \u00ab Perte de biodiversit\u00e9, pr\u00e9lude aux \u00e9mergences virales \u00bb, m\u00e9decines\/sciences<\/em>, 2022, 38, p. 1039-1042.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3<\/a> OHHLEP et al.<\/em>, \u00ab One Health: A new definition for a sustainable and healthy future \u00bb, op. cit.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4<\/a> FAO (Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture), PNUE (Programme des Nations unies pour l’environnement) OMS (Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9), OIE (Office international des \u00e9pizooties d\u00e9sormais appel\u00e9e Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9 animale, One Health Joint Plan of Action, 2022-2026, Working together for the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment<\/em>, Rome, 2022, 86 p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5<\/a> Communication de la Commission au Parlement europ\u00e9en, au Conseil, au Comit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique et social europ\u00e9en et au comit\u00e9 des r\u00e9gions. R\u00e9forme de la l\u00e9gislation pharmaceutique et mesures de lutte contre la r\u00e9sistance aux antimicrobiens COM(2023) 190 final, Bruxelles, le 26 avril 2023 ; Commission europ\u00e9enne, A European One Health Action Plan against Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), 2017, [https:\/\/health.ec.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2020-01\/amr_2017_action-plan_0.pdf<\/u><\/a>] (acc\u00e8s le 15 juin 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6<\/a> Commission europ\u00e9enne, Direction g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la sant\u00e9 et de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire, Organisational Chart, 1er<\/sup> juin 2023, [https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2023-06\/organisation-chart_dg-sante_en.pdf<\/u><\/a>] (acc\u00e8s le 15 juin 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7<\/a> FAO, OIE, WHO, \u00ab The FAO-OIE-WHO Collaboration. Sharing responsibilities and coordinating global activities to address health risks at the animal-human-ecosystems interface. A Tripartite Concept Note \u00bb (April 2010), p. 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8<\/a> En 2022, ils signeront un Memorandum of Understanding, [https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/cb9403en\/cb9403en.pdf<\/u><\/a>] (acc\u00e8s le 15 juin 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9<\/a> Intervention de H\u00e9l\u00e8ne de Pooter, Table ronde en ligne \u00ab One Health and International Law \u00bb, 8 mars 2022, Centre for International Law, National University of Singapore, disponible sous [https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vsJlBH117jc] (acc\u00e8s le 29 avril 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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One-Health-Croisee-des-disciplines-et-des-normes_Propos-introductifs_E.-Gennet-03-25<\/a><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u00c9lo\u00efse Gennet, \u00ab One Health \u00e0 la crois\u00e9e des disciplines et des normes. Propos introductifs\u00bb, One Health en droit international et europ\u00e9en [Dossier], Confluence des droits_La revue <\/em>[En ligne], 03 | 2025, mis en ligne le 6 mars 2025. URL : https:\/\/confluencedesdroits-larevue.com\/?p=3791<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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